Overcoming barriers to maternal and newborn care through integrated facility and community-based services

There has been growing interest and experience of community health workers (CHWs) in recent years, especially with the goal of Universal Health Coverage. Typically, the CHWs have provided combinations of health promotion messages, treatment of childhood illnesses, malaria-control measures, nutrition interventions, family planning, and screening and supervised treatment for HIV and TB. Many CHW programs function semi-autonomously with supplies and supervision coming with varying regularity from health facilities. For many years, this community-based health care approach included the training of traditional birth attendants (TBAs). TBAs were, for the most part, given short training courses and sent back to their communities with little or no continuing connection with health facilities. The approach was halted twenty years ago when it became clear that trained TBAs were not making any impact on maternal and newborn deaths from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. A Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA) policy, to train and deploy greater numbers of obstetricians and midwives, has subsequently proven very effective. More recently, however, it has become clear that not all communities or all members of communities have benefitted equally, focussing greater attention on the social determinants of health. Afghanistan’s maternal and newborn health services illustrate these policies and trends. In 2002, the national maternal mortality ratio in Afghanistan was estimated at 1600 per 100,000 births. By 2014, that had been reduced to 660 (Ministry of Public Health). Three factors contributed to this improvement. The first was the end of war in 2002, followed by a time of improving prosperity, education, roads and transportation. The second was a government commitment to a policy of skilled birth attendance and the establishment of rural-based midwifery schools, which trained sufficient midwives to staff the newly established health infrastructure. The third was the training of 28,000 CHWs, a male and female in each community. These CHWs, especially the women, were able to provide health education, family planning methods and other primary care services to women who were still culturally constrained in their ability to reach health facility services. By 2010, the rate of SBAs had risen rapidly to 50%, but was only 22% in the most remote communities. The modern contraceptive prevalence rate was 20%. Sixty percent of women attended antenatal care at a clinic at least once, but only 18% completed the target of four attendances. National surveys have confirmed that the problems are the same as in so many countries, namely distance and the availability and costs of transport. Since 2010, there has been little improvement in use of these services.   The emphasis on SBAs worldwide has not completely prevented explorations of the potential for community-based interventions by CHWs and TBAs. Field trials have shown successful implementation of presumptive treatment of malaria and provision of iron and folic acid tablets during pregnancy by CHWs. Programmes of preparation for a home delivery and the supply of delivery kits to help ensure a clean delivery and safe cord-cutting have well-recognised track records. In recent years, the supply of Misoprostol tablets to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in home deliveries has been shown to significantly reduce what is still the main cause of maternal death worldwide. Finally, many programmes have demonstrated the ability of CHWs and TBAs to provide basic newborn care, perform resuscitation, and both prevent and treat newborn sepsis.   Recognition of the barriers to maternal care in health facilities for many families, together with the demonstrated potential of CHWs and TBAs to provide essential care suggest the potential of more integrated programs between facility and CHWs. In most countries, this requires removing the bureaucratic barriers between professional obstetric and midwifery care and community-based care programs. This, therefore, for example, is an important goal of the National Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Strategy, 2016 to 2021, for Afghanistan.  

Consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown in patients with chronic diseases in Andalusia

COVID-19 affects individuals in different ways. Most infected patients develop a mild to moderate form of the disease and recover without hospitalization but adults of any age living with chronic conditions have an increased risk of serious symptoms and severe form of illness. Based on current evidence, conditions that increase risk include asthma, hypertension or high blood pressure, overweight or type 1 diabetes mellitus (ECDC, 2020). The threat to these patients is twofold, forcing them to avoid infection at the same time as their care routines are affected by the health protection measures put in place by governments. A better understanding of those impacts helps health systems to prepare adequately to provide patient-centered care during the pandemic. A new study conducted by our team of the “School of Patients” researchers, has systematically explored these insights throught the stories of 34 chronically ill persons from the Andalusian region, at the South of Spain. This research, published last month in Gaceta Sanitaria (Link to the original article in Spanish), has exposed significant problems about the self-care of people experiencing chronic conditions during the quarantine of Spain`s population. About the “School of Patients” The Patients' School is an initiative of the Regional Health Ministry, which directs and manages this pioneering project in Spain, at the service of a large European region, Andalusia, with more than 8 million inhabitants. What did we do? Our team recruited 34 patients from Andalusia with different chronic conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer and fibromyalgia. We conducted a qualitative study via virtual focus groups. A content analysis was carried out with the information recorded. What did our study find? People with chronic diseases reported effects of the lockdown in relation to their emotional experience, their coping resources, the information they received, the difficulties to manage self-care, and the limited access to health services. All interviewees stated that they were mainly informed by official sources, although they were aware of contradictions between official and expert sources. This caused them a great deal of confusion and insecurity. Confinement leads to neglect of self-care. Difficulty in doing physical activity was one of the most frequently mentioned drawbacks. In many households, engaging in physical activity was not easy and online tutorials were not designed for older people or people with limitations. On the other hand, many expressed concern about being overweight because of confinement. Some relaxation about maintaining a healthy diet and concern about being physically active was prominent in the discourses. Most patients with diabetes acknowledged having to increase insulin doses to maintain adequate blood glucose levels. In addition, people requiring anticoagulation treatment reported difficulties in monitoring their health status due to delayed or suspended anticoagulation checks. In terms of contact with health services, participants expressed fear of having to come to a health care centre. They accept the need to postpone check-ups and suspend diagnostic tests to avoid infection, but criticized that in some cases, patients and families had to decide between the risk of infection and the continuity of long-term treatments. There was also considerable confusion about who to contact in case of emergency, and they complained that the telephone numbers provided to the public were constantly engaged. On the other hand, the online initiatives for medication renewal and self-monitoring materials were very satisfactory. Suggested principles for improvement Looking ahead to the next pandemic waves and life after the crisis, participants call for the further strengthening of public health care. More and better targeted information, patient training, involvement of patient associations, and improved remote access to health services are the main areas for improvement to minimize the impact of future quarantines on the self-care and the health of people with chronic diseases.